ANT 528 ANALYTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

WEEKLY READINGS FOR SPRING SEMESTER, 2001

 

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WEEK 1. ARTIFACT SYSTEMATICS: ATTRIBUTES, MODES, TYPES, PART I

Krieger, Alex

    1944  The Typological Concept. American Antiquity 9:271-88.

Brew, J. O.

         1946  The Use and Abuse of Taxonomy. In The Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, Southern Utah. Peabody                 MuseumPapers 21, pp. 44-66. Reprinted in James Deetz,    ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 73-107. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

Taylor, Walter W.

     1948  A Study of Archaeology. Memoirs 69. American Anthropolog­ical Association. pp. 113-32. Reprinted 1967, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. pp. 111-30.

 Spaulding, Albert C.

     1953  Statistical Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types. American Antiquity 18:305-13.  Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 43-57. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

Ford, James A.

     1954a The Type Concept Revisited. American Anthropologist 56:42-53. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 58-72. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

Ford, James A.

     1954b Spaulding's Review of Ford. American Anthropologist 56:109-112.

 Spaulding, Albert C.

     1954  Reply (to Ford). American Anthropologist 56:112-14.

 Steward, Julian H.

     1954  Types of Types. American Anthropologist 56:54-57.

FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

  Ford, James A.

     1952  Measurements of Some Prehistoric Design Developments in the Southeastern States. Anthropological Papers 44(3):313-84. American Museum of Natural History, New York.

 

            (It was Spaulding's review of this publication that launched the so-called "Ford-Spaulding   debate." See your instructor for a complete bibliography of these exchanges.-- VJK)

 

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WEEK 2. ARTIFACT SYSTEMATICS: ATTRIBUTES, MODES, TYPES, PART II

  Rouse, Irving R.

     1960  The Classification of Artifacts in Archaeology. American Antiquity 25:313-23. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 108-25. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

Gifford, James C.

     1960  The Type-Variety Method of Ceramic Classification as an Indicator of Cultural Phenomena.  American Antiquity 25:341-47. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 126-36. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

Ford, James A.

     1961  In Favor of Simple Typology. American Antiquity 27:113-14.

 Dunnell, Robert C.

     1971  Sabloff and Smith's "The Importance of Both Analytic and Taxonomic Classification in the Type-Variety System." American Antiquity 36:115-18.

 Hodson, F. R., P. H. A. Sneath, and J. F. Doran

     1966  Some Experiments in the Numerical Analysis of Archaeolog­ical Data. Biometrika 53(3-4):311- 24.

 Cowgill, George

     1977  Review of "Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology," by J. F. Doran and F. R. Hodson. American Antiquity 42:126-29.

 Dunnell, Robert C.

     1986  Methodological Issues in Americanist Artifact Classifica­tion. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 9, pp. 149-207, edited by Michael B. Schiffer. Academic Press, New York.

 

FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

Dunnell, Robert C.

     1971  Systematics in Prehistory. Free Press, New York.

 

              (This slender volume, Dunnell's first book, was an influen­tial early effort by a "new  archaeologist" to explicitly re-define taxonomic systems in archaeology. A key point of the book is that groups of similar artifacts described by archaeologists are not to be confused with "types." -- VJK)

 

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WEEK 3. FUNCTION TO FUNCTIONALISM

 Tallgren, A. M.

     1937  The Method of Prehistoric Archaeology. Antiquity 11:152-61.

 Steward, Julian, and Frank M. Setzler

     1938  Function and Configuration in Archaeology. American Antiquity 4:4-10.

 Semenov, S. A.

     1964 Prehistoric Technology. Adams and Dart, Bath.

 Binford, Lewis R., and Sally R. Binford

     1966  A Preliminary Analysis of Functional Variability in the Mousterian of Levallois Facies. In Recent Studies in Paleo­anthro­pology, edited by J. D. Clark and F. C. Howell, pp. 238-95.

 Flannery, Kent V.

     1968  Archaeological Systems Theory and Early Mesoamerica. In Anthropological Archaeology in the Americas, edited by Betty J. Meggars, pp. 67-87. Anthropological Society of Washington,   Washington, D.C. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 344-  64. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston. Also reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contributions (1972), pp. 222-34. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

 Leach, Edmund R.

     1973  Concluding Address. In The Explanation of Culture Change: Models in Prehistory, edited by Colin Renfrew, pp. 761-71. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.

Dunnell, Robert C.

     1978  Style and Function: A Fundamental Dichotomy. American Antiquity 43:192-202.

 

FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

 

Bertalanffy, Ludwig von

     1962  General Systems Theory -- A Critical Review. General Systems 7:1-20.

 

            (The particular brand of functionalism adopted by archaeolo­gists during the 1960s and 70s, general systems theory, was originally developed by von Bertalanffy to describe "multi­causal" relationships in biological systems. Here it is from the horse's mouth. For the basics on functionalism in anthropology your sources are, of course, Spencer, Malinow­ski, and Radcliffe-Brown.-- VJK)

 

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WEEK 4. HIGHER-ORDER SYSTEMATICS, PART I

 

McKern, William C.

     1939  The Midwestern Taxonomic Method as an Aid to Archaeologi­cal Culture Study. American Antiquity 4:301-13.

Phillips, Philip

     1942  Review of "An Archaeological Survey of Pickwick Basin in the Adjoining States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee," by W. S. Webb and D. L. DeJarnette. American Antiquity 8:197-   201.

 Willey, Gordon R., and Philip Phillips

     1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology, pp. 1-57. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

MacWhite, Eóin

     1956  On the Interpretation of Archaeological Evidence in Historical and Sociological Terms.American Anthropologist 58:3-25.

Rouse, Irving R.

     1965  The Place of "Peoples" in Prehistoric Research. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 95:1-15.

Bishop, Walter W., and J. Desmond Clark

     1967  Recommendations and Appraisal. In Background to Evolution in Africa, edited by W. W. Bishop and J. D. Clark, pp. 890-97. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

 

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WEEK 5. HIGHER-ORDER SYSTEMATICS, PART II

 

Clarke, David L.

     1968  Analytical Archaeology, chapters 6, 7, 8, 9. Methuen and Co., Ltd. pp. 230-398 in the original. In the 2nd edition (1978), Columbia University Press, New York. The corresponding section is pp. 245-408.

 

 FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

 

Clarke, David L.

     1968  Analytical Archaeology. Methuen and Co., Ltd. 2nd edi­tion (1978), Columbia University Press, New York.

 

            (Clarke's book was immensely influential after it appeared in 1968, representing Great Britain's most original contri­bution to an "explicitly scientific" archaeology. I list it here again to emphasize that you should peruse its remaining chapters, where you will find truly encyclopedic coverage of a complete systematics invented from the ground up. -- VJK)

 

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WEEK 6. ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANTHROPOLOGY

 

Kluckhohn, Clyde

     1940  The Conceptual Structure in Middle American Studies. In The Maya and Their Neighbors, edited by Clarence L. Hay, R. L. Linton, S. K. Lothrop, H. L. Shapiro, and G. C. Vaillant, pp. 41-51. Appleton-Century, New York. Reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contribu­tions (1972), pp. 78-84. Southern Illinois Universi­ty Press.

Hawkes, Christopher

     1954  Archaeological Theory and Method: Some Suggestions from the Old World. American Anthropologist 56:155-68.

Binford, Lewis R.

     1962  Archaeology as Anthropology. American Antiquity 28:217-25. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 248-61. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston. Also reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contributions   (1972), pp. 93-101. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. Also reprinted in Lewis R. Binford, ed., An Archaeological Perspec­tive (1972), pp. 20-32. Seminar Press, New York.

Binford, Lewis R.

     1964  A Consideration of Archaeological Research Design. American Antiquity 29:­425-41. Reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contribu­tions (1972), pp. 158-77. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbon­dale. Also reprinted in Lewis R. Binford, ed., An Archaeologi­cal Perspective (1972), pp. 135-62. Seminar Press, New York.

 Binford, Lewis R.

     1965  Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process. American Antiquity 31:203-10. Reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contributions (1972), pp. 125-32. Southern Illinois Univer­sity Press, Carbondale. Also reprinted in Lewis R. Binford, ed., An Archaeological Perspective (1972), pp. 195-207. Seminar Press, New York.

 Hill, James N.

     1966  A Prehistoric Community in Eastern Arizona. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 22:9-30. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 323-43. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston. Also reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contributions (1972), pp. 320-32. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

 Flannery, Kent V.

     1967  Culture History v. Culture Process: A Debate in American Archaeology (review of "An   Introduction to American Archaeology, vol. 1: North and Middle America," by Gordon R.   Willey). Scien­tific American 217:119-22. Reprinted in Mark P. Leone, ed., Contemporary   Archaeology: A Guide to Theory and Contribu­tions (1972), pp. 102-07. Southern Illinois   University Press, Carbon­dale.

 

  FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

  Freeman, Leslie G., and James A. Brown

     1964 Statistical Analysis of Carter Ranch Pottery. In Chapters in the Prehistory of Eastern Arizona, Vol. 2, edited by Paul S. Martin et al., pp. 126-54. Fieldiana: Anthropology 55.

 Longacre, William A.

     1964  Sociological Implications of the Ceramic Analysis. In Chapters in the Prehistory of Eastern Arizona, Vol. 2, edited by Paul S. Martin et al., pp. 155-70. Fieldiana: Anthropology 55.

Deetz, James

     1965  The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Arikara Ceramics. Illinois Studies in Anthropology 4. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

Longacre, William A.

     1968  Some Aspects of Prehistoric Society in East-Central Arizona. In New Perpaectives in Archaeology, edited by Sally R. Binford and Lewis R. Binford, pp. 89-102. Aldine, Chica­go.

Longacre, William A.

     1970  Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study. University of Arizona An­thropological Papers 17. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

 Hill, James N.

     1970  Broken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest. University of Arizona Anthropologogical Papers 18. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

 

(The collection of papers above, together with James N. Hill's article in your readings, constitute the primary statements on what became known as "ceramic sociology," namely the attempt to infer postmarital residence rules from pottery distributions and frequencies. This attempt was one of the most highly touted examples in "new archaeology" of how ethnological questions of social structure might be addressed using archaeological data. The approach was later roundly criticized for making numerous unfounded assumptions. -- VJK)

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WEEK 7. EXPLANATION PART I: LAW AND ORDER

  Steward, Julian

     1949  Cultural Causality and Law: A Trial Formulation of the Development of Early Civilizations. American Anthropologist 51:1-28.

 Rouse, Irving

     1972  Introduction to Prehistory: A Systematic Approach, esp. pp. 237-45. McGraw Hill, New York.

 Fritz, John M., and Fred T. Plog

     1970  The Nature of Archaeological Explanation. American Antiquity 35:­405-12.

 Flannery, Kent V.

     1973  Archaeology with a Capital "S." In Research and Theory in Current Archaeology, edited by   Charles Redman, pp. 47-53. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

 Schiffer, Michael B.

     1972  Archaeological Context and Systemic Context. American Antiquity 37:156-65.

 Schiffer, Michael B.

     1987  Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, pp. 3-23. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

 Raab, L. Mark, and Albert C. Goodyear

     1984  Middle-Range Theory in Archaeology: A Critical Review of Origins and Applications. American Antiquity 49:255-68.

 

FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

Watson, Patty Jo, Steven A. LeBlanc, and Charles L. Redman

     1984  Explanation in Archaeology: An Explicitly Scientific Approach. Columbia University Press, New York.

 

            (This small book was probably the first monograph-length exposition of the precepts of   Americanist "new archaeology." It is noteworthy for its strongly insistent claims regarding the   "covering law" approach to archaeological explanation.)

 

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WEEK 8. EXPLANATION PART II: ANALOGY

 Ascher, Robert

     1961  Analogy in Archaeological Interpretation. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 17:317-25.  Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 262-71. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

  Binford, Lewis R.

     1967  Smudge Pits and Hide Smoking: The Use of Analogy in Archaeological Reasoning. American Antiquity 32:1-12. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 272-92. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston. Also reprinted in Lewis R. Binford, ed., An Archaeological Perspective (1972), pp. 33-58. Seminar Press, New York.

  Freeman, L. G.

     1968  A Theoretical Framework for Interpreting Archaeological Materials. In Man the Hunter, edited by Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore, pp. 262-67. Aldine, Chicago.

  Heider, Karl G.

     1967  Archaeological Assumptions and Ethnographic Facts: A Cautionary Tale from New Guinea. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23:52-64. Reprinted in James Deetz, ed., Man's Imprint from the Past (1971), pp. 384-96. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.

  Wobst, H. Martin

     1978  The Archaeo-Ethnology of Hunter-Gatherers or the Tyranny of the Ethnographic Record in Archaeology. American Antiqui­ty 43:303-09.

  Gumerman, George G., and David A. Phillips, Jr.

     1978  Archaeology Beyond Anthropology. American Antiquity 43:184-91.

 Wylie, M. Allison

     1985  The Reaction Against Analogy. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 8, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 63-111. Academic Press, New York.

 FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

 Hodder, Ian

     1982  The Present Past: An Introduction to Anthropology for Archaeologists. B. T. Batsford, London.

 

            (Shortly before Ian Hodder renounced archaeology's ties with anthropology, he wrote this book, which contains a quite good discussion of the roles of analogy in archaeological research. -- VJK)

 

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WEEK 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS PART I: THE DIMENSION OF TIME

 

 Ford, James A.

     1962  A Quantitative Method for Deriving Cultural Chronology. Technical Manual 1. Pan American Union, Washington, D.C.

 McNutt, Charles H.

     1973  On the Methodological Validity of Frequency Seriation. American Antiquity 38:45-50.

 Robinson, W.S.

     1951  A Method for Chronologically Ordering Archaeological Deposits. American Antiquity 16:293-301.

 Brainerd, George W.

     1951  The Place of Chronological Ordering in Archaeological Analysis. American Antiquity 16:301-13.

 Marquardt, William H.

     1978  Advances in Archaeological Seriation. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 1, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 257-314. Reprinted in Michael B. Schiffer, ed., Advances  in Archaeological Method and Theory: Selections for Students from Volumes 1-4 (1982), pp.416-64. Academic Press, New York.

 South, Stanley

     1971  Evolution and Horizon as Revealed in Ceramic Analysis in Historical Archaeology. The   Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology Papers 6:71-106. Reprinted in Robert L. Schuyler, ed., Historical Archaeology: A Guide to Substantive and Theo­retical Contributions (1978), pp.68-82. Baywood, New York.

 

FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

 Petrie, W. M. F.

     1899  Sequences in Prehistoric Remains. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 29:295-301.

 

            (All modern applications of "occurrence" seriation trace their origins to this landmark paper by Petrie, the British Egyptologist, who invented the technique to order grave lots in predynastic   Egypt. -- VJK)

 

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WEEK 10. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS PART II: THE DIMENSION OF SPACE

 Whallon, Robert

     1974  Spatial Analysis of Occupation Floors II: The Application of Nearest-Neighbor Analysis.   American Antiquity 39:16-35.

 Kintigh, Keith

     1990  Intrasite Spatial Analysis: A Commentary on Major Meth­ods. In Mathematics and Information Science in Archaeology: A Flexible Framework, edited by Albertus Voorips. Studies in Modern Archaeology 3: 165-200. HOLOS-Verlag, Bonn.

 Flannery, Kent V.

     1976a Sampling by Intensive Surface Collection. In The Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by Kent V. Flannery, pp. 51-62. Academic Press, New York.

 Higgs, E. S., and C. Vita-Finzi

     1972  Prehistoric Economies: A Territorial Approach. In Papers in Economic Prehistory, edited by   Eric S. Higgs, pp. 27-36. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 Flannery, Kent V.

     1976b Sampling on the Regional Level. Chapter 5 in The Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by Kent V. Flannery, pp. 131-60. Academic Press, New York.

 Flannery, Kent V.

     1976c Analysis on the Regional Level: Part II. Chapter 7 in The Early Mesoamerican Village, Edited by Kent V. Flannery, pp. 195-223. Academic Press, New York.

 

 FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

  Kintigh, Keith W.

     1992  Tools for Quantitative Archaeology: Programs for Quanti­tative Analysis in Archaeology. Privately published.

 Binford, Lewis R.

     1978  Dimensional Analysis of Behavior and Site Structure: Learning from an Eskimo Hunting Stand.American Antiquity 43:30-61.

 

(The former is a comprehensive package of PC software developed specifically for spatial analysis in archaeology, and sold commercially by Keith Kintigh, current President of the Society for American Archaeology. Your instructor has the package if you want to explore it, although its DOS-based programs will seem antique to you in a Windows environment. The second reference is a classic ethno­archaeological study of the Mask site. Because it is the case study used by Kintigh in his 1990 article, reading the Binford article first will help you to better understand Kintigh. -- VJK)

 

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WEEK 11. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS PART III: MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES

  Spaulding, Albert C.

     1971  Some Elements of Quantitative Archaeology: Introductory Address. In Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences: Proceedings of the Anglo-Romainian Conference,Momain, 1970, edited by F. R. Hodson, D. G. Kendall, and P. Tautu, pp. 3-16. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

 Hodson, F. R.

     1970  Cluster Analyses and Archaeology: Some New Developments and Applications. World Archaeology 1:299-320.

 Christiansen, Andrew, and Dwight W. Read

     1977  Numerical Taxonomy, R-Mode Factor Analysis and Archaeological Classification. American Antiquity 42:163-79.

 Cowgill, George

     1982  Clusters of Objects and Associations between Variables: Two Approaches to Archaeological   Classification. In Essays on Archaeological Typology, edited by Robert Whallon and James A. Brown, pp. 30-55. Center for American Archaeology Press, Evans­ton, Illinois.

 Bettinger, Robert L.

     1979  Multivariate Statistical Analysis of a Regional Subsis­tence-Settlement Model for Owens Valley. American Antiquity 44:455-70.

 Thomas, David H.

     1978  The Awful Truth about Statistics in Archaeology. American Antiquity 43:231-44.

 

 FOR FURTHER REFERENCE

 Gardin, Jean Claude

     1971  Archaeology and Computers: New Perspectives. International Social Sciences Journal   (UNESCO) 23:189-203.

 Doran, J. E., and F. R. Hodson

     1975  Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

 Shennan, Stephen

     1988  Quantifying Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

 

            (The article by Gardin is a pioneering summary of the prospects for a computer-based archaeology, something that is now, of course, commonplace. Doran and Hodson was the first handbook-type monograph on multivariate techniques in archaeology. You have already read Cowgill's critical review of it. It remains a use­ful guide. Shennan’s book is a more modern counterpart, with useful sections on seldom-used techniques such as multidimensional scaling, correspondence analysis, and discriminant analysis-- VJK)